Which epilepsy medication is known to cause gingival hyperplasia?

Phenytoin is well-known for causing gingival hyperplasia as a side effect. This condition involves the overgrowth of gum tissue, which can lead to aesthetic concerns and dental issues if not managed properly. The mechanism behind this side effect is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the drug's influence on fibroblast activity and the metabolism of collagen in gum tissues.

The occurrence of gingival hyperplasia with phenytoin can vary from patient to patient, and factors such as oral hygiene and the duration of treatment can also play a role in its severity. Patients on phenytoin are advised to maintain good dental hygiene and have regular dental check-ups to manage and mitigate the potential for gum overgrowth.

In contrast, while other medications such as valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine may have various side effects, they are not typically associated with gingival hyperplasia in the same way that phenytoin is. Understanding this distinction can help healthcare providers anticipate complications and provide proactive care for patients on epilepsy medications.